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Open Public Records Act (OPRA)

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1. Why is there an Open Public Records Act?

The law is intended to:

• Define what records are and are not "government records" and determine whether they should be accessible to the public
• Expand the public’s right of access to government records
• Set up an administrative appeals process if access is denied

2. What is the policy behind Open Public Records Act (OPRA)?

The policy behind the OPRA is that government records, with certain exceptions, should be readily accessible to the public for inspection, examination, and copying. While limitations on the public’s right of access should be decided in the public’s favor, a public agency is required to keep a citizen’s personal information from public access when that access would violate the citizen’s reasonable expectation of privacy.

3. What are government records?

In plain language, a government record is a physical record that has a government purpose and that is held by a public agency. Under Open Public Records Act (OPRA), the "physical record" includes any:

• Data-Processed or Image-Processed Document
• Document
• Drawing
• Information Stored or Maintained Electronically or by Sound Recording
• Map
• Microfilm
• Paper
• Photograph
• Plan
• Written or Printed Book

Public Agencies

Public agencies include all departments and agencies of state government, including:

• All:
  • Agencies
  • Commissions
  • Counties
  • County and Municipal Boards
  • Fire Districts
  • Independent Authorities
  • Municipalities
  • School Districts
• State colleges and universities
• The state’s legislature and its agencies, except that most constituent correspondence and special materials prepared for individual legislators are not covered

OPRA does not cover the state’s judicial branch and municipal courts, which have their own rules. A record held by a public agency has a "government purpose" when it has been "made, maintained, kept on file, or received in the course of official business."

4. What records are accessible to the public?

Generally, all government records are accessible to the public except those that fall under the exceptions to public access set forth in Open Public Records Act (OPRA). Examples of public records that are accessible to the public include:

• Bills
• Budgets
• Contracts, including collective bargaining agreements, individual employment contracts, and public employee salary and overtime information
• Minutes of regular public meetings
• Vouchers

5. Why are some records exempt from disclosure?

Under Open Public Records Act (OPRA), certain records are exceptions to the public accessibility standards because of the legal principle that citizens have a reasonable expectation of privacy regarding records in possession of a public agency; because of public safety concerns; and because of the need to ensure unfettered debate, discussion, and consideration of issues inside public agencies.

6. What are some records that cannot be disclosed?

Some exceptions to disclosure include:

• Administrative or technical information about computers which, if disclosed, would jeopardize their security; Emergency or security information regarding any building or facility which, if disclosed, would compromise the security
• Any record within the attorney-client privilege
• Files maintained by the public defender, in any case, considered confidential
• Information about sexual harassment complaints or grievances, and information between an agency and an insurer
• Information kept confidential under a court order
• The information which, if disclosed, would give an advantage to competitors or bidders
• Inter- or intra-agency "advisory, consultative, or deliberative material"
• Personal information such as social security, drivers license, credit card, and unlisted phone numbers (additional protections are granted to victims of crimes)
• Security or surveillance information which, if disclosed, could risk the general safety of the public
• Trade secrets or proprietary commercial or financial information

For more specific information about exceptions, contact the "records custodian" in the public agency that has the records you want to access or contact the Government Records Council.

Special circumstances

Under Open Public Records Act (OPRA), criminal investigative records, in general, are not available to the public. Further, if the person making the request has been convicted of an indictable offense in New Jersey or elsewhere, he or she may not have access to personal information about his or her victim or the victim’s family. To comply with this provision, some agencies have developed records request forms that require the requester to certify that he or she has not been convicted of an indictable offense. (A government record containing such information may only be released subsequently if it is needed in the defense of the requester.)

7. What entities doesn't Open Public Records Act (OPRA) cover?

Generally, OPRA does not cover private businesses, not-for-profit organizations, or the judicial branch of government.

8. Whom do I contact to obtain records from public agencies?

Under Open Public Records Act (OPRA), citizens who want to obtain public records should contact the "custodian of records" of the public agency that holds the records they want. At the municipal level, that person will be the municipal clerk; at other public agencies, that person will be an official designated by the particular agency or governmental unit.

9. What do I need to do to request records?

• You need to know what records you want and what the government agency has them. The records request should include an accurate description of each specific record sought. The more you know about the record you wish to see, the easier it will be for the custodian to retrieve it.
• When you have that information, file records request with the records custodian. Under Open Public Records Act (OPRA), a records request must be in writing and must be hand-delivered, mailed, faxed, or "otherwise conveyed to the appropriate custodian." The request cannot be made by telephone. Use of the Internet as a way to submit requests may be possible for an agency equipped to process such requests and is an option left open to the agency.
• The requester is allowed to ask for a record to be copied in a particular format. It may not be possible to honor that request, but if it is feasible, an additional charge may be levied for that service if it is a format not normally used by the agency. This is most often applied to making copies or obtaining data from computer databases.

10. Is there a form I have to use?

Yes. Each agency has a records request form to be used to request records under the Open Public Records Act (OPRA). The records request form includes the name, address, and phone number of the requester and space for a brief description of the record sought. A written request provides a paper trail; in the event of a denial, this written record can be very important when making an appeal to the Government Records Council or Superior Court. While anonymous requests may be permitted, the custodian will require a 100% advance payment for any copies that are requested anonymously.

In addition, agencies may release some routinely requested records "informally" by phone, fax, or in person. Such an informal request would not bind the public agency to the time frames provided by OPRA and would not extend certain other rights to the requester, such as the right of appeal to the Government Records Council.

11. Do I have to pay for copies in advance of receiving them?

When a request form is submitted, the custodian will determine if prepayment is required.

12. How soon can I get the records I requested?

Under Open Public Records Act (OPRA), the custodian of government records must comply with the request "as soon as possible," but no later than seven business days after the request is received. If the record is in storage or archived (and thus may take longer to retrieve), the custodian will advise the requester of that fact within seven business days and tell the requester when the record will be available. The request form, signed and dated by the custodian, will serve as evidence of the transaction in case the request is denied and the requester decides to appeal that decision.

13. What happens if my request is denied?

If a request for a record is denied, there are two avenues of redress. The requester may file a suit in Superior Court or apply to the Government Records Council for relief. For appeals to the Government Records Council, the complaint must be in writing, and it should set forth the facts regarding the circumstances of the request, the specific records asked for, and the denial of access by the records custodian. Appeals in the Superior Court require a $200 filing fee and must follow established court rules. If the denial is found to be unreasonable, either the court or the council can reverse the decision.

However, prior to taking formal action, the requester may want to contact the Government Records Council for advice. Depending on the circumstances, the Council’s staff may be able to intervene and resolve the matter without a formal complaint being filed.

14. What are reasons for denials?

Reasons for denial reside for the most part in the exceptions to disclosure defined in Open Public Records Act (OPRA). Others could be a failure to fill out the records request properly or failure to provide proper identification or failure to meet established deadlines to provide access.

15. Can I ask for a record in a specific format?

If the requester is willing to pay for it, the agency must, if possible, provide the record in a medium not usually used by the agency. In these cases, the agency may charge, in addition to the actual cost of duplication, a special charge that is reasonable, based on the cost for any extensive use of information technology and/or for the labor cost of personnel providing the service.

16. Can I get immediate access to certain records?

Under Open Public Records Act (OPRA), a requester must be given immediate access to budgets, bills, vouchers, and contracts (including collective bargaining agreements and individual employment contracts) that are readily available to the custodian at the time of the request. "Immediate access" means that the custodian must make every effort to provide access as soon as it is requested.

17. How is personal information protected?

Because of the policy to protect the privacy of individual information on some public records, it may be necessary for the custodian to redact (i.e., edit) certain information from the record. To ensure that the requester does not see information such as social security, credit card, driver’s license, or unlisted telephone numbers, the record shown to the requester must not include that information. For this reason, the requester may receive copies on which information has been blacked out or whited out or copies that use special computer displays or printouts.

18. Does redaction apply to viewing or inspecting records?

Even if the requester wishes only to view a record, possibly for the purpose of copying down information, the custodian will still redact the record before access is allowed. If a requester wants to look at records without receiving copies and personal information must be redacted, there is no charge for the transaction.

19. What is the cost of paper copies of records?

The fee for copies of printed government records shall not exceed:

• All pages after 20 $0.25 per page
• Pages 1 to 10 $0.75 per page
• Pages 11 to 20 $0.50 per page

If special equipment is needed to make the copies (e.g., for maps), the requester may be charged the actual cost of duplication. Special charges may also be levied for unusual requests or those that require the direct expenditure of funds by the custodian (e.g., for computerized records) to reproduce the records.

20. What is the Government Records Council?

The passage of the Open Public Records Act (OPRA) established the Government Records Council (GRC). Part of the State of New Jersey’s Department of Community Affairs, the GRC is composed of the Commissioners of Community Affairs and Education (or their designees) and three members of the public who are appointed by the Governor with the advice and consent of the Senate. An executive director and professional and clerical staff administer the work of the Council.

21. What can the Government Records Council (GRC) do for me if access to records is denied?

Prior to filing a complaint, you may want to contact the GRC to ask for their assistance or inquire about the denial. You can contact the Council on their toll-free helpline, 866-850-0511, by emailing the GRC, or from their website. If you want to file an official complaint with the Council and make use of the formal mediation process, the first step for you (the requester) is to submit a written complaint, alleging that a custodian of a government record has improperly denied you access to a specified record. The complaint form can be obtained from the toll-free number or the website.

22. What is mediation?

After the Government Records Council (GRC) receives the written complaint, the parties will be offered an opportunity to resolve the dispute through mediation conducted by an impartial mediator. Mediation is an informal, non-adversarial process, which aims to help the parties reach an acceptable, voluntary agreement. If mediation fails to resolve the matter to the mutual satisfaction of the parties, the Council will launch an investigation concerning the issues brought up in the complaint.

23. How will the Government Records Council (GRC) conduct the investigation?

The GRC will first ensure that the complaint is a valid one. If it is, the Council will direct the public agency to produce the relevant documents and the reasoning behind the denial. In both mediation and a formal investigation, the GRC will try to handle the complaint as expeditiously as possible and, to that end, will use teleconferencing, faxing of documents, and email. If in-person meetings are necessary, the Council will send representatives to meet the parties at mutually convenient locations.

Post Hearing

If the Council cannot make a decision based on the written submissions of the parties, both parties will be notified and a formal hearing will be held. Following that hearing, the Council will reach a determination by a majority vote on whether the record should be made available to the requester. If the Council decides in favor of the requester, and it finds that the custodian "willfully and knowingly" denied access unreasonably under the full circumstances, the custodian can be fined $1,000 for a first offense, $2,500 for a second, and $5,000 for a third if it occurs within 10 years of the first. If the requester wins, he or she may be entitled to a reasonable attorney’s fee.

Appeal

The Council’s decision may be appealed to the Appellate Division of the Superior Court.

24. What happens if it is going to Superior Court?

If a requester is denied access to public records, he or she has the option of seeking relief from the Superior Court in the appropriate jurisdiction. Information on this process can be obtained by contacting the Superior Court in the county where the denial took place. If the court determines that access was improperly denied, the court shall order that access be allowed. If the requester wins, he or she may be entitled to a reasonable attorney’s fee.

25. How can I get more information about the law?

To get more information contact the Government Records Council:

• Mail:
  Government Records Council
  P.O. Box 819
  Trenton, NJ 08625
• Phone: 866-850-0511
• Email Government Records Council
• Government Records Council Website

26. What are some definitions from the law?

Government Record

"Government record" or "record" means any paper, written or printed book, document, drawing, map, plan, photograph, microfilm, data-processed or image-processed document, information stored or maintained electronically or by sound-recording or in a similar device, or any copy thereof, that has been made, maintained or kept on file in the course of his or its official business by any officer, commission, agency, or authority of the state or of any political subdivision thereof, including subordinate boards thereof, or that has been received in the course of his or its official business by any such officer, commission, agency, or authority of the state or of any political subdivision thereof, including subordinate boards thereof. The terms shall not include inter-agency or intra-agency advisory, consultative, or deliberative material.

Public Agency

"Public agency" or "agency" means any of the principal departments in the executive branch of state government, and any division, board, bureau, office, commission, or other instrumentality within or created by such department; the Legislature of the state and any office, board, bureau, or commission within or created by the legislative branch; and "any independent state authority, commission, instrumentality, or agency. The term also means any political subdivision of the state or combination of political subdivisions, and any division, board, bureau, office, commission, or other instrumentality within or created by a political subdivision of the state or combination of political subdivisions, and any independent authority, commission, instrumentality, or agency created by a political subdivision or combination of political subdivisions.